DIGLOSSIA
AND POLYGLOSSIA
qDiglossia:
* A characteristic of
speech communities rather than individuals.
* A situation where
different society is diglossic, two languages are required to cover the full range of
domains, and (most) individuals are bilingual.
* Situations where
individuals are bilingual, but there is no community-wide functional
differentiation in the use of their languages.
* The situation of
politically united groups where two languages are used for different functions,
but by largely different speech communities.
* The situation of
monolingual groups, it is typically of isolated ethnic communities where there
is little contact with other linguistic groups.
* Attitudes to H vs L in a diglossia situation:
•H variety: admired,
respectful, prestigious, high status, standardized, fixed, wirtten in grammar books and
dictionaries.
•L variety: not worth
describing, varied, ambivalent, low status, has not been standardized or fixed,
not written in both grammar books and dictionaries.
* The presence in a
language of two standards.
•A “high” language
used for formal occasions and in written texts
•A “low” language used
in colloquial conversation or informal context.
* In the narrow and
original sense of the term, diglossia has three (3) crucial features:
1.Two distinct
varieties of the same language are used in the community, with one regarded as
a high (H) variety and the other a low (L) variety.
2.Each variety is used
for quite distinct functions; H and L complement each other.
3.No one uses the H
variety in everyday conversation.
Polyglossia:
* A term for describing
situations where more than two distinct codes or varieties are used for clearly
distinct purposes or in clearly disctinguishable situations.
* A term describing a community regularly uses
more than two languages
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